Research publications reviewing their potential contributions to infant health and development.
Research publications reviewing their potential contributions to infant health and development.
An updated PDF summarizing scientific publications about HMOs and their potential role in infant health with a focus on brain development, immune support, and digestive health.
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk and act in tandem with other bioactive components. Discover the functional effects of HMOs, such as supporting a healthy gastrointestinal microbiome and aiding the development of a balanced immune system.
Dinleyici M, Barbieur J, Dinleyici EC, Vandenplas Y. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2186115. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2186115
These studies evaluated the health outcomes of published clinical trials involving the supplementation of HMOs. They consistently found that HMO supplementation was safe and well-tolerated.
Schönknecht YB, Moreno Tovar MV, Jensen SR, Parschat K. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3622. Published 2023 Aug 17. doi:10.3390/nu15163622
This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts addressed the bioactive components of human milk, the structure and roles of HMOs, and potential benefits of HMO-supplemented infant formula—particularly for children with cow's milk protein allergy (see methods section).
Sekerel BE, Bingol G, Cullu Cokugras F, et al. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:1147-1164. Published 2021 Sep 24. doi:10.2147/JAA.S323734
Among bioactive components in human milk, HMOs are particularly significant. HMOs have valuable effects on intestinal microbiota, the intestinal barrier, and immune response.
Moubareck CA. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1123. doi:10.3390/nu13041123
A review that introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity, and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breastfed infant. The second part highlights the beneficial effects of HMOs for breastfed infants, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula, and summarizes HMO research.
Bode L. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology, 22(9), 1147–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cws074
A randomized controlled trial showing infants fed a formula containing 2′-FL have lower inflammatory cytokines similar to those who are breastfed.
Goehring KC, Marriage BJ, Oliver, JS, Wilder JA, Barrett EG, & Buck RH (2016). Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(12), 2559–2566. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.236919
A study examining infant growth and tolerance when fed formulas with a caloric density close to human milk supplemented with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
Marriage BJ, Buck RH, Goehring KC, Oliver JS, & Williams JA (2015). Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'FL Show Growth and 2'FL Uptake Like Breast-Fed Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 61(6), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000889
A review of the clinical experiences of feeding infants formula containing human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2′-FL.
Reverri EJ, Devitt AA, Kajzer JA, Baggs GE, & Borschel MW (2018). Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose. Nutrients, 10(10), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101346
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